7 Best Women's Cross-training Shoes

Nicholas Rizzo
Nicholas Rizzo on
7 Best Women's Cross-training Shoes

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Cross-training is a very demanding fitness regimen. But with the right pair of women’s trainers, you are going to feel unstoppable!

We have thoroughly tested dozens of cross-trainers to save you time and money on the search. Our top picks below show the cream of the crop in several categories catering to different types of workouts and personal preferences.

And if you want to learn the nitty-gritty of choosing the right cross-training shoes, check out our in-depth guide below the top picks.

How we test training shoes

We are an independent shoe testing lab that aims to provide the most objective and unbiased shoe recommendations.

Here is what we do to minimise bias to include the most comprehensive information:

  • Buying cross-trainers with our own money and refusing from sponsorships.
  • Gym testing each shoe to get a good feel of its performance in plyometrics and lifting.
  • Measuring over 20 different shoe parameters in our lab using callipers, durometers, force gauges, and even heavy machinery. As a result, you get comparable data points that reflect the shoe’s stability, cushioning, and durability, among other characteristics.

Best cross-training shoes for women overall

Reebok Nano X4
84
Good!

What makes it the best?

Versatility is the name of the game as Reebok Nano X4 paved the way for seamless transitions from our cardio exercises to our lifts. Our lab tests confirm its excellent foothold, balanced by a cushioned and flexible midsole to boost comfort. We could easily use this pair every day as it’s our top women’s cross-trainer.

The Nano X4 features Reebok’s Lift and Run Chassis system, which embraces the rear side of the trainer. This adds stiffness to the shoe’s build, proven by its 4/5 torsional rigidity score in our manual twist test. Whether we performed one-legged or dynamic lateral motions, it offered impressive foot containment.

Underfoot, the midsole offered impact protection during jumps. Our calliper shows a generous 26.0 mm heel and a moderate 17.4 mm forefoot, making it suitable for women who seek a balance of comfort and ground sensitivity. The cushion has a firm 30.0 HA durometer measurement for stability, with a softer 27.0 HA cushion under the heel for gentler landings.

Performing plyometrics and other floor workouts was a breeze because the Nano X4 moved freely with our feet during planks and burpees. Our bend test confirms it needs a near-average 18.5N force to bend to 90 degrees, cementing its adaptive nature.

While an excellent all-rounder, women with more specific support or cushioning needs for serious running or heavy weightlifting should find a more appropriate trainer.

Pros

  • Fantastic wear resistance
  • Great balance of cushioning and stability
  • Feels grounded and supportive
  • Secure foot lockdown
  • A fully-gusseted tongue (finally)
  • Nice breathability
  • Lighter than the X3
  • Great grip on gym floors

Cons

  • Not for heavy lifting
  • Not for wide feet
Full review of Reebok Nano X4

Best women's cross-training shoes for Crossfit

Nike Metcon 9
84
Good!

What makes it the best?

The Nike Metcon series comes in strong with the v9, leading the CrossFit category among women’s cross-training shoes. We could perform our WOD exercises with full confidence and maximum effort thanks to the strong base, reliable grip, and forgiving midsole we proved through lab tests.

The Metcon v9 promises sturdy support for lifting, perfect for women who want to add weight to the barbell without worries. The low 21.5/16.0 mm stack offers increased ground connection and is 16.2% firmer than average so it doesn’t compress unevenly. We even found a sturdy Hyperlift plastic under the heel for extra reinforcements.

Metcon v9 features a wide base, offering extended contact points of the grippy outsole to the ground. At 116.9/95.0 mm, it gave us more room to find our footing vs. the 110.6/87.3 mm average. Meanwhile, the outsole kept us in control as we performed quick footwork and lunges.

Surprisingly, Metcon v9 is stable, but not at the expense of flexibility. It emerged as bendable as average in our 90-degree test, giving us the freedom to perform planks and burpees with less effort.

Unfortunately, Metcon v9 is 23.9% heavier than average. Women who prefer an agile feel may find this pair too bulky.

Pros

  • Exceptionally stable for weightlifting
  • One of the most durable cross-trainers
  • The best shoe for rope climbs
  • Reliable foot containment
  • Very comfortable in-shoe feel
  • Nice grip on gym floors
  • Accommodates wide feet (finally!)
  • Surprisingly flexible

Cons

  • Heavier than average (and previous Metcons)
  • Not great for cardio workouts and rope jumps
  • So-so breathability
Full review of Nike Metcon 9

Best women's cross-training shoes for HIIT

What makes it the best?

The Nike Free Metcon 6 truly impressed us in the gym with its exceptional lightness and flexibility while delivering the stability needed for weightlifting. Diving deeper into the lab, we discovered its midsole delivers both ground feel and plush comfort, making it our ultimate HIIT cross-training shoe for women.

FM6 feels barely there on foot and our scales back us up with a 9.7 oz (274g) reading, 10.2% below average. Its airiness is further enhanced by how freely it moves with our feet during planks, burpees, and other workouts. Our flex test shows it’s one of the most agreeable trainers we’ve tested, needing 75.8% less force than average to reach a right angle. We found it highly suitable for women who enjoy a barefoot sensation.

The cushion sits below average at 22.0/14.8 mm, yet it feels delightful because of its soft 22.5 HA durometer rating. We had a good sense of the ground but had enough impact protection during jumps. We also found a firmer 27.8 HA foam under the heel to stabilise our landings.

Besides the dual-density foam, we had a flat and solid connection to the ground because of its massive 1113.9/94.4 mm base, enhancing our control. While we found it reliable for lifts incorporated into our training plan, we think another pair can offer more support for serious or Olympic weightlifting.

Pros

  • Fantastic breathability
  • Very light on foot (lighter than average too)
  • Better cushioned for HIIT
  • Most flexible cross-trainer ever
  • Excellent stability for moderate weightlifting
  • Sock-like fit in a bootie upper
  • Accommodating toebox (for medium feet)
  • True to size

Cons

  • NOT for rope climbs (lacks protection)
  • Can be hard to put on (narrow opening)
Full review of Nike Free Metcon 6

Best women's cross-training shoes for cardio

What makes it the best?

Maximum energy return, comfort, and grip are what we enjoyed while working out with the Nike Air Zoom TR 1. Backed up by lab results, we found its Air Zoom unit consistently responsive while the midsole took care of our joints. Its flexibility gave us the freedom to move as we please, supported by a grippy outsole to maintain control. Overall, it’s our best cardio cross-trainer for women.

We felt like we could extend our sessions because the midsole felt that good. Our durometer shows it’s 26.3% softer than average, giving us a cloud to land on with every jump. The Air Zoom supported explosive movements and enhanced the effortless feel of the shoe.

Speaking of effortless, bending our feet during burpees and planks was never a problem. In our bend test, we saw that it follows the same force (17.7N) as average to reach a right angle, making it suitable for women seeking a natural feel.

When it was time to execute quick footwork, we were confident we wouldn’t slip because the sticky outsole kept us safe. Our durometer shows it’s softer than average at 75.6 HC, which usually translates to better traction.

However, it lacks ventilation for heated cardio sessions. We cannot recommend this pair to women who often encounter blisters or sweaty feet.

Pros

  • Dependable bite on gym floors
  • Pretty durable toebox
  • Good impact protection
  • Nice lateral stability
  • Secure heel hold
  • Smooth heel-to-toe transitions
  • OK for occasional outdoor use

Cons

  • Not breathable at all
  • Not for heavy lifting
  • Not for heavy lifting
Full review of Nike Air Zoom TR 1

Best minimalist cross-training shoes for women

What makes it the best?

For the New Balance Minimus TR v2, less is more. Our lab confirms it embraces simplicity with its light weight, low resistance, and humble profile. It gave us a barefoot sensation in our workouts, highlighting comfort and freedom of movement. Among women’s cross-trainers, it’s ultimately the best minimalist shoe.

This trainer essentially disappeared as we started moving into the gym. It weighs only 8.9 oz (251g), 17.7% lighter than average, making sure it prevents the onset of fatigue since it’s one less load to carry.

Its weightlessness is further enhanced by its highly flexible midsole. From all angles, it hardly shows any resistance. We twisted the shoe manually with our hands and it gave in easily, earning the lowest 1/5 torsional rigidity score. Even in our bend test, it emerged 38.8% more malleable than the average trainer, perfect for women seeking a natural and versatile feel.

We attribute its bendability to its low profile. At 14.0/11.8 mm, it’s one of the most grounded we’ve measured, offering unrestricted movement. It features a low 2.2 mm drop, which keeps our feet flat and in solid contact with the ground for better control.

However, it’s quite flimsy all around and performed worse than average in our Dremel tests in the toebox, heel, and outsole. Women who prioritise long-lasting shoes should find alternatives.

Pros

  • Grounded minimalist platform
  • Basic impact protection for HIIT
  • Planted and stable for lifting
  • Comfortable for sockless wear
  • Highly flexible for planks, lunges, etc.
  • Very lightweight
  • Excellent breathability
  • Protection for rope climbs

Cons

  • Fiddly tonge (thin, long, shifty)
  • Rockered sole feels unsteady for deadlifts
  • Heel bumper protrudes too much
  • Not very durable
Full review of New Balance Minimus TR v2

Best women's cross-training shoes for lifting

Adidas Dropset 3
90
Great!

What makes it the best?

We’ve seen in the lab how the Adidas Dropset 3 incorporates stability elements into the shoe and our experience backs up its support. Among cross-trainers for women, we find the Dropset 3 the best for lifting because of its stable base and reliable traction.

From the midsole’s composition, we already knew it was meant for cross-training. The heel is a firm 41.0 HA so that it doesn’t compress under heavy loads and it gives us a nice stable sensation when pushing off. Meanwhile, the forefoot is a cushy 21.5 HA and is meant to dampen impact during rope jumps and other workouts.

The shoe also has more prominent support features such as the TPU wall on the lateral side and the firm rubber overlay on the medial side. The GeoFit Sensepods offered a secure rear hold during single-legged workouts without stiffening the heel counter. Women who find heel rubs a nuisance will appreciate this trainer’s subtle support.

Amazingly, when it was time for more fluid movements in our training plan, the Dropset 3 gave in, emerging 30.3% more flexible than the average training shoe.

The Adiwear outsole offered solid grip that maintained our control. Slipping in the gym felt impossible with its traction. However, we recommend keeping this pair indoors. It has sole apertures unsuitable for outdoor use because they're vulnerable to rain and other debris.

Pros

  • Exceptional stability for lifting and lateral movements
  • Very wide and grounded platform
  • Extra durable and grippy outsole
  • Very secure foothold
  • Flexible enough for plyometrics
  • Fantastic breathability
  • Accommodating toebox

Cons

  • Not great for running and walking (clunky heel)
  • Can't be worn outside because of sole apertures
Full review of Adidas Dropset 3

Best budget cross-training shoes for women

What makes it the best?

The Nike MC Trainer 3 felt so comfortable in our workouts, we were surprised by its £80 price tag! For reference, the average trainer costs £120 so it easily claims the best budget spot among women’s cross trainers. The shoe feels light and breezy and our lab tests reveal it’s cushioning offers plush support.

Not only is the MC Trainer light in the pocket but also on foot! Our scales show it’s lighter than average at 10.4 oz (296g). It’s easy to manoeuvre especially when it comes to lifting our feet and moving at high speeds, a true match for agile women.

Its airy sensation is further enhanced by its seamless ventilation. In the lab, billows of smoke escaped the upper in our breathability test, which is why we awarded it a 5/5 score. No session will feel too heated or intense because the MC Trainer 3’s refreshing aura will keep us cool.

Beneath our feet, a luxurious experience awaits. We measured the stack to be a generous 30.6/21.8 mm, with a composition 13.3% softer than average. No matter how long we jumped, our joints felt well-protected from impact. However, this makes the shoe feel less stable. Women who need extra support for weightlifting should find another cross-trainer.

Pros

  • Fantastic value for money
  • Highly breathable
  • Doesn't drag the foot down
  • Better cushioned than v2
  • Heel bevel is better for running and walking
  • Decent stability for moderate workouts
  • Good flexibility for lunges and planks
  • Accommodating toebox
  • Comfortable padded interiors

Cons

  • Not for flat and wide feet (narrow midfoot)
  • Upper lacks wear resistance
Full review of Nike MC Trainer 3

What is a cross-training shoe?

A good cross-training shoe allows women to engage in a wide variety of training exercises without needing to change their shoes.

These versatile trainers are ready for Crossfit WODs, HIIT workouts, circuit training, and any type of fitness regimen which includes any or all of the following:

  • Plyometrics: all sorts of jumping exercises (rope jumps, box jumps, burpee sets, etc.)
  • Strength: be it with bodyweight, dumbbells, kettlebells, or barbells up to 300 lbs (135 kg)
  • Short runs: warm-up and interval runs up to 2 miles

Is it okay to wear running shoes for cross-training?

We wouldn’t recommend that.

Most running shoes these days maximise cushioning and energy return with the help of high-stack midsoles, extra plush super foams, and springboard-like carbon plates. These features make a running shoe ideal for its intended purpose (repetitive forward motion) but awfully uncomfortable and even dangerous for cross-training. Here is why:

1. Too plush to provide stability: Lifting a loaded barbell or doing one-legged Bulgarian squats, your feet, and body need a grounded and incompressible platform to rely on. You also want a thinner and firmer base when working with the rowing machine or the spin bike. But the marshmallowy soft midsoles of running shoes are the complete opposite of that.

2. They have no lateral support: Cross-training involves considerably more side-to-side movements than running (skater hops, lateral bounds, side lunges, etc.). Women’s cross-trainers have stout reinforcements on the sides to help you perform these exercises safely and efficiently.

3. Their rockered soles are unstable: Running shoes use heel bevels and toe rockers to help you roll to the next toe-off much faster. Conversely, cross-training shoes have very flat and wide midsoles to provide a very grounded experience.

womens-cross-training-shoes-vs-running-shoes.jpg

Are cross-training shoes good for walking?

Not really.

Designed to keep you stable above anything else, women’s cross-trainers make for pretty clunky walking companions. They are flat, minimally cushioned, not so flexible, and often have rather bulky heels.

However, these shoes are walkable enough for personal trainers though who spend several hours on their feet inside the gym venue but you may prefer something more comfortable and better cushioned for walking around the city all day.

Are training shoes the same as cross-trainers?

Training shoes is a broad term that refers to many different types of athletic shoes. Running shoes, cross-trainers, and lifting shoes can all be described as “training shoes” because they are used for some sort of fitness training.

Cross-training shoes, on the other hand, are a narrower footwear category that is specifically designed for versatile workout regimens like Crossfit, functional fitness, HIIT, and similar programmes.

Women’s cross-trainers are well-rounded enough to do a little bit of everything at the gym.

Choosing the right women’s cross-trainer for you

Even though all cross-training shoes for women share similar features, there is still a lot of variety in this category.

Some shoes have notably sturdier heels (almost like lifting shoes), making them better suited for strength training and heavier loads. Others are lighter and pack more cushioning for cardio and dynamic high-impact exercises.

Depending on your training focus and personal preferences, you may be more drawn toward one of these types of women’s cross-trainers:

  • Versatile cross-trainers for lifting and plyometrics
  • Light and cushioned shoes for cardio and high-impact classes
  • Minimalist shoes for mobility work and foot strengthening

how-to-choose-best-womens-cross-training-shoes.jpg

1. Versatile cross-trainers for lifting and plyometrics

Best for: Crossfit, HIIT, circuit training, functional fitness, boot camp, lifting

Female warriors who want to HIIT it hard and feel confident in whatever exercise their coach throws at them will benefit from a pair of versatile cross-training shoes.

versatile-womens-cross-training-shoes.jpg

These shoes feel notably sturdier and are packed with technologies that enhance stability and support. Some of them almost feel like lifting shoes because of the heavily built and stiff heels.

On the other hand, they have just enough flexibility and cushioning in the forefoot to provide impact protection for jumps.

Here is a checklist of features that make these women’s cross-trainers stand out from the rest:

  • firmer and wider platform
  • higher torsional rigidity 
  • stiffer heel counter

Cross-training shoes tend to be firmer in the heel and a bit more forgiving in the forefoot to provide a balance of stability and cushioning where they are most needed during the workout.

Firmness is essential for stability because it minimises wobbling, provides better feedback from the ground, and doesn’t compress so easily under heavy load. Some cross-trainers enhance the firmness of the heel with stiff TPU add-ons.

midsole-firmness-in-womens-cross-training-shoes.jpg
We use a Shore A durometer to measure the midsole firmness of each shoe. The higher the HA reading, the firmer the foam. Cross-trainers tend to show firmer readings in the heel (30+ HA).

In addition to being firm, cross-trainers also tend to be rather wide. Having extended contact points with the floor helps you feel more planted and surefooted, especially when landing from a jump or when snatching heavy weight over your head.

midsole-width-in-womens-cross-training-shoes.jpg
We use a digital calliper to measure the widest parts of each trainer’s heel and the forefoot.

Firm and wide platforms often go hand-in-hand with stiff sidewalls, raised midsoles, midfoot shanks, and upper overlays to create a very strong side support. The latter makes it hard, if not impossible, to twist the shoe which in turn doesn’t let the foot buckle or spill over the midsole when you move side-to-side.

The amount of lateral support is reflected in the shoe’s torsional rigidity.

We assess torsional rigidity on a 1-5 scale (5 is the stiffest) by twisting the shoe manually.

A stiff and well-padded heel counter often completes this stability ensemble. It wraps around the heel and ankle locking them down firmly in place. As a result, the in-shoe shifting and wobbling are minimised.

We assess heel counter stiffness on a 1-5 scale (5 is the stiffest) by pushing and squeezing it.

If it seems like your workout regimen can benefit from the shoe features mentioned above, here is the overview of the best women’s cross-trainers that meet these criteria:

2. Light and cushioned shoes for cardio and high-impact classes

Best for: aerobics and cardio classes, treadmill, skipping rope, agility drills

Ladies whose training routine gravitates towards high-impact exercises and cardiovascular training will likely prefer cross-trainers with the following characteristics:

  • cushier midsoles with balanced softness
  • lighter shoes with less bulky heels

Jumping-based exercises tend to be more demanding on the balls of your feet. That’s why we recommend choosing cross-trainers with at least 16 mm of forefoot stack for activities like rope jumps or high-impact step classes.

You might even prefer a higher stack (up to 25 mm) if you are a bigger girl or have joint concerns.

forefoot-stack-in-womens-cross-training-shoes.jpg
We cut each shoe in half and use a digital calliper to measure the stack heights of all trainers.

Another shoe characteristic that you may want to look for in your aerobics shoe is lightness. Sweating those calories off is challenging as is and you don’t want to be held back by a clunky-heeled trainer.

lightweight-womens-cross-training-shoes.jpg
We weigh all shoes in the same size for consistency: men’s US 9 = women’s US 10.5.

To feel light and agile on your feet, we recommend choosing cross-trainers that weigh 10.6 oz (300g) or less.

3. Minimalist training shoes

Best for: mobility work and foot strengthening

If you are at the beginning of your fitness journey, you may want to hold off getting a minimalist shoe until you build a strong foundation and proper technique with regular trainers.

Unless you need a shoe for low-impact routines like mobility work, yoga, pilates, animal flow, barre, stretching, etc. In this case, minimalist trainers are the best choice after being barefoot or training in socks.

Minimalist shoes have virtually no support or cushioning and feel a lot like working out barefoot:

  • ultra-thin sole (10-15 mm)
  • extra lightweight (barely felt on foot)
  • highly flexible (easy to bend and twist)

So why do minimalist cross-trainers even exist?

Because they mimic barefoot experience, these shoes encourage a more natural biomechanics of your feet and legs which promotes better body alignment (aka better posture) as well as better balance and coordination

Female athletes start incorporating these cross-trainers into their rotation to further engage and strengthen their foot and leg muscles as well as improve mobility.

How to find the right size and fit in women’s gym shoes

Size: If you ever owned shoes from different brands, you may have noticed that they don’t fit exactly the same, even in the same size. And sometimes you need to size up or down depending on the brand.

That’s because there is no universal shoe sizing scheme across athletic brands.

To help you find the most suitable cross-training shoe size, it’s best to start by measuring your current foot length. This is especially important during/after pregnancy or gaining weight as both factors can affect your foot size and shape.

Once you know the exact measurement, use the tool below to find out your size. It contains official size charts of 40+ brands:

Fit: Women’s foot shapes vary so much that getting the right size lengthwise does not always guarantee the right fit!

types-of-womens-foot-shapes.png

Adding to the complexity is the fact that cross-trainers don’t have the same toebox shape either. Even in the same size!

narrow-vs-wide-toebox-womens-cross-training-shoes.jpg
There is an 8-mm width difference between these two shoes even though the size is the same.

You don’t really know how much toebox room to expect in a given cross-trainer until you try it on in person. But we are here to change things up and make your online shoe shopping much more fruitful.

We use a proprietary gel to create moulds for each shoe in our lab. Once the mould is rigid, we measure the following dimensions with a digital calliper: the widest part of the mould, the area near the big toe, and the toebox height.

Here is a quick guide on choosing the right fit in a women’s gym shoe:

How to find the right fit in women’s cross-training shoes

Narrow feet

  • Narrow (2A) width (rarely available, only in some New Balance shoes)
  • Medium (B) width with a narrow/pointy toebox

Medium feet

  • Medium (B) with a regular or rounded toebox

Wide feet

  • Wide (D) or Extra wide (2E) width (rarely available, only in some New Balance shoes)
  • Men’s shoes in Medium (D) width and a 1.5 smaller size (if your women’s size is US 8, go for men’s US 6.5)

+ choose a stretchy upper if you have bunions

  • Medium (B) with a wide toebox (see the table below)

TIP: Make sure you’re wearing your workout socks when trying a new pair of cross-trainers.

size-and-fit-in-womens-cross-training-shoes.jpg

How long do women’s cross-training shoes last?

This is a very rough estimate but this is how long cross-trainers typically last based on anecdotal evidence and personal observations:

  • about a year if you train 3 times a week
  • 8-10 months if you train 4-5 times a week

A cross-trainer’s lifespan also depends on the following factors:

  • your body weight and the weight you normally lift
  • your workout surface (concrete is very hard on shoes)
  • type and intensity of your exercise (rope climbs burn through shoes easily)

While it’s difficult to predict the exact life of a given women’s cross-trainer, we can check their initial wear resistance with a series of durability tests.

We apply a Dremel with a sandpaper tip to various parts of the shoe (toebox fabric, inner heel lining, outsole rubber). The speed, pressure, and timing remain the same for consistent results.

toebox-durability-in-womens-cross-training-shoes.jpg
Three different women’s cross-trainers after the same toebox durability test.

Here is the overview ofthe  most durable cross-training shoes for women based on the results of our Dremel tests*:

*Toebox and heel padding durability are given a durability score from 1 to 5 based on the severity of damage (the higher, the better). Outsole durability shows the exact depth of the drilled-out dent (the smaller, the better).

Are women’s cross-trainers breathable?

Many of them, yes.

It would be strange if shoe designers did not realise that cross-training is a vigorous type of exercise associated with a tonne of heat and sweat.

However, our lab tests showed that some women’s trainers happen to be more effective at keeping the foot ventilated.

We use a smoke-pumping machine to test the shoe’s toebox ventilation capacity.

At the end of our testing process, each women’s trainer gets a breathability score from 1 to 5, where 5 stands for the best breathability.

How to cut costs on your next pair of cross-trainers

With an average retail price of £130, women’s cross-training shoes are not a low-cost buy. Especially if it’s your first pair of trainers.

Luckily, there is more than one way to cut costs on your next pair:

1. Compare prices with RunRepeat: Our system scours through 200+ online shops 24/7 to let you know where a given cross-trainer is priced the lowest. And if you set up a price alarm, we’ll send you an email the very moment the price drops for your chosen size.

2. Check previous editions: If you go to our catalogue page for women’s cross-training shoes and sort by discount, you will see pretty generous discounts (up to 75%) on all the previous editions. Remember that you don’t have to get the latest edition as newer shoes aren’t necessarily better.

3. Check entry-level shoes: Even the biggest brands like Nike and Adidas have a number of budget-friendly shoes that cater to beginner athletes who aren’t ready to spend a lot of money on footwear just yet. These affordable cross-trainers are normally priced below £100 but tick all the essential boxes of a well-rounded training shoe:

Author
Nicholas Rizzo
Nicholas Rizzo
Nick combines 10+ years of experience in the health and fitness industry and a background in the sciences in his role as the Fitness Research Director. During his competitive powerlifting years his PRs have him sitting in the top 2% of bench presses (395 lbs), top 3% of squats (485 lbs) and top 6% of deadlifts (515 lbs) for his weight and age. His work has been featured on Bodybuilding.com, LiveStrong, Healthline, WebMD, WashingtonPost, and many more. Along the way, collaborating with industry leaders like Michael Yessis, Mark Rippetoe, Carlo Buzzichelli, Dave Tate, Ray Williams, and Joel Seedman.